Is Religious Fundamentalism Always Totalitarian and Prone...

Religious Fundamentalism is not a modern phenomenon, although, there has received a rise in the late twentieth century. It occurs differently in different parts of the world but arises in societies that are deeply troubled or going through a crisis (Heywood, 2012, p. 282). The rise in Religious Fundamentalism can be linked to the secularization thesis which implies that victory of reason over religion follows modernization. Also, the moral protest of faiths such as Islam and Christianity can be linked to the rise of Religious Fundamentalism, as they protest the influence of corruption and pretence that infiltrate their beliefs from the spread of secularization (Heywood, 2012, p. 283). Religious Fundamentalists have followed a traditional†¦show more content†¦453). A prime example of an Islamic Fundamentalist movement is al-Qaeda which was a new militant Islamic group when it emerged in 1988. It followed on from the spread of strong religious beliefs and codes that was common in Africa and the Middle- East (Garner, Ferdinand and Lawson, 2007, p. 150). Al-Qaeda was founded by Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan, its goal when established was to spread the word of God and to make his religion to most triumphant religion of all. A main characteristic of Islamic Fundamentalism is to create a theocracy which is a regime based on religious principles (Garner, Ferdinand and Lawson, 2007, p. 150). Al-Qaeda is most known for its attack on the Twin Towers and the Pentagon in the USA in 2001, whom they openly claimed responsibility for and motivated the USAs war on terror (Goodwin, 2007, p. 432). Another feature of Islamic Fundamentalism is their opposition to modernity, modern values to Muslims can be deeply alarming (Ball and Dagger, 2010, p. 454). Religious Fundamentalists have a sharp opposition is modern Western values which they feel are corrupting their people (Garner, Ferdinand and Lawson, 2007, p. 150). However much Islamic Fundamentalists oppose Western values they still embrace technology and scientific developments. Examples of such are Iran who would use nuclear weapons to defend itself against Western threats (Garner, Ferdinand and Lawson, 2007, p. 150). ThisShow MoreRelatedGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagescertain Kway Teow Man †¢ E.g. â€Å"Everyone Draw Muhammad Day† Facebook Page. Emphasis need for freedom of speech and expression that is often curtailed in Muslim communities but ended up causing much unhappiness amongst Muslims because the central religious figure in Islam is not supposed to be visually depicted. Easy, convenient, effortlessly reach the global community without any prior checks †¢ In-depth and broad coverage not found in new media where no profit motive Mainstream GOOD: larger spectrumRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesNord-Trà ¸ndelag University College, Norway Dr Karin Svedberg Nilsson, Stockholm School of Economics and Score, Sweden Dr Susanne Tietze, Bradford University, United Kingdom Professor Renà © Tissen, Nyenrode Business University, The Netherlands These reviewers always challenged us, sometimes praised us, sometimes criticized us, and sometimes pointed out the error of our ways. They provided us with advice . Acknowledgements xxi and issues to consider and consistently made a real contribution to the academic

Shakespeare’s Brilliant Use of Symbolism - 3556 Words

â€Å"To be or not to be - that is the question† (Kittredge, 993). This is one of William Shakespeare’s best known and used quotes. Many who use it do not even know what piece it is taken from, or what exactly it means. It just sounds like a cool, tragic, Shakespearean quote to use to sound more intelligent. And that is the sad truth. Shakespeare’s works are filled with quotes, soliloquies, and experts, like this one, that are filled with innuendos, imagery, word choice, etc. One very important literary technique used by Shakespeare, in all of his works, is his symbolism, which portrayed Shakespeare’s life, time period, and messages he wished to get across to his audience. He also used his symbolism to satirize whomever he wished. Shakespeare’s†¦show more content†¦(Act III, Scene I, ll 56-69). Hamlet’s uncertainty of death is felt throughout this entire soliloquy. Later in it he says, But that the dread of something after death, The undiscover’d country from whose bourn No traveler returns, puzzles the will, And makes us rather bear those ills we have Than fly to others that we know not of? (Act II, Scene I, ll 78-82). In this expert the traveler and the undiscovered country symbolizes someone traveling in death onto the unknown after life. This entire soliloquy symbolizes Hamlet’s uncertainties of death. One other example of symbolism that is used in Hamlet is a serpent. The serpent, which Hamlet’s father’s ghost refers his uncle to, represents the evil and deceit that the uncle used to get the crown. A serpent, many times in literature, represents something that is secretive, evil, and tempting, just as Lucifer, in the form of a serpent was in the garden of Eden. â€Å"Now the serpent was more crafty than any of the wild animals the Lord God had made† (Genesis 3:1). The ghost of Hamlet’s father says of his uncle, ‘Tis given out that, sleeping in my orchard, A serpent stung me. So the whole ear of Denmark Is by a forged process of my death Rankly abus’d. But know, thou noble youth, The serpent that did sting thy father’s life Now wears his c rown. (Act I, Scene V, ll 35-39). And just as the serpent tempted Eve in the Garden of Eden, Hamlet’s uncle tempted his mother andShow MoreRelated Luhrmanns Movie Version of Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay1095 Words   |  5 PagesLuhrmanns Movie Version of Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet All hopeless romantics get dreamy-eyed and sigh whenever the balcony scene from Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet comes up in conversation. Juliet stands on her balcony, innocently murmuring about her meeting with Romeo while the very subject of her musings eagerly climbs the garden wall and trellis leading up to the object of his love, Juliet. Anyone viewing Luhrmanns Romeo + Juliet will be sadly disappointed at first to see that theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Great British Author1029 Words   |  5 Pagesborn 6 months after the wedding in 1583. In 1585 they had fraternal twins, A son, Hamnet and a daughter named Judith. Hamnet passed away when he was 11 years old, possibly from bubonic plague. Many believe that the play Hamlet was about Hamnet Shakespeare’s son. After 3 years of marriage, Shakespeare moved to London. His wife Anne and children stayed behind in Stratford. One of my favorite Shakespeare plays is Hamlet. The story develops with the late King Hamlet appearing to his child, requestingRead MoreMacbeth by Shakespeare and the Cinematic Interpretation by Roman Polanski1556 Words   |  7 Pagespeoples imagination especially as he had cinematic technolodgy as his disposal ,however his modern audiences would have been more cynical ,in general ,concerning witchcraft and superstitions and would not have appreciated the symbolism as Shakespeares sixteenth century audience would .How success was this film director ,therefore ,in recreating act 1 , scene 1 of Macbeth? Concerning the opening of his first scene act 1 ,scene 1 ,Shakespeare recognised the needs toRead MoreEssay about Macbeth Blood1177 Words   |  5 Pagessymbol and major theme in Macbeth, Blood is used most often to represent injury and death, but also life. In Macbeth, he uses blood to represents impurity. Shakespeare often accompanies the image of water with the image of blood. The water represents cleansing and purity. Imagery is any piece of language that provokes the readers mind to form a mental picture or image. Shakespeare’s plays are well known for the richness of their imagery. Macbeth in particular has numerous vivid examples. Macbeth isRead MoreFilm Analysis : Akira Kurosawa s Samurai Films1672 Words   |  7 Pageshad stayed in the box. His brilliant use of imagery and cinematic techniques resulted in many audiences from the West. Eventually, his films rose through popularity gaining impact on the film industry. In the 1900’s, Akira Kurosawa’s samurai films influenced directors with his cinematography, editing style and imagery, which heightened the use of specific angles, transitions, and movements for years to come. Akira Kurosawa’s film Yojimbo is a samurai-based plot with the use of battle imagery by filmingRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Othello2192 Words   |  9 PagesOthello is commonly referred to as just Othello but the full name of the play is The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice. The tragedy of Othello is concise with Shakespeare’s other more popular works. Upon dissecting the play the most recognizable themes are the play’s complex and prevalent ambivalences of love and hate, jealousy, and perniciousness. Title and playwright â€Å"The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice is believed to have been based primarily on the Italian short story Un CapitanoRead More Christopher Marlowes Work and Style Essay1425 Words   |  6 PagesChristopher Marlowes Work and Style Christopher Marlowe is a famous Elizabethan poet and playwright. Although often overshadowed by Shakespeare’s popularity, he nonetheless is deserving of attention. Not to dampen the masterpiece of his other works, I believe Marlowe’s unique style is best exemplified in his plays. Marlowe’s plays include Dido, Queen of Cathage, Tamburlaine the Great Parts One and Two, The Jew of Malta, The Massacre at Paris, Edward the II, and The Tragical History of DrRead MoreRomeo and Juliet Adaptations2600 Words   |  11 Pagesideas in their techniques, so different yet only to provoke from their audiences the same response. Therefore to determine which film is superior, you would have to consider those techniques. These range from visual techniques, such as theme, symbolism and colour, to auditory techniques which are just as significant as the filming techniques (types of camera shots and location of filming). Finally the most crucial factor shall be discussed †“ the audience response. It is the evaluation of theRead More Julie Taymor’s Titus Andronicus Essay2756 Words   |  12 PagesJulie Taymor’s Titus Andronicus Shakespeares first tragedy has been a topic of discussion since the day it was written. Titus Andronicus was staged on 24 January 1594 by the Earl of Sussexs Men at the Rose Theatre (Welsh 1). Though this tidbit of information seems somewhat irrelevant to Titus, we must note that there are certain standards and practices established by a play from its first performance. It is also important to establish the general attributes that audiences attributeRead MoreFeminist Theory Applied to Hamlet2809 Words   |  12 PagesRepresenting Ophelia: Women, Madness, and the Responsibilities of Feminist Criticism Elaine Showalter Though she is neglected in criticism, Ophelia is probably the most frequently illustrated and cited of Shakespeare’s heroines. Her visibility as a subject in literature, popular culture, and painting, from Redon who paints her drowning, to Bob Dylan, who places her on Desolation Row, to Cannon Mills, which has named a flowery sheet pattern after her, is in i nverse relation to her invisibility in

Personal Response Free Essays

Both of these videos were enjoyable to watch, I thought it was great to hear others love stories from their point of view. One of the first similarities between them was of course, they’re both love stories. During both of them it is described of how much they love each other, and it truly shows through their emotion and compassion. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Response or any similar topic only for you Order Now In both their love is Just a quick shot of faith in that they will be together for the rest of their lives. The first one of the younger couple, she comes from another country and after eight short days together, he then realizes that he can’t let her go home to Bangkok and that they must get married. In the second one, the man sits down with her on a date and straight up tells her that he can’t lose her and that they need to be married. All of these things that happen in these stories happen very quickly, in both it is as if they Just absolutely know for certain this Is their one true love and they very quickly decide to get married. Although these stories are very similar In some aspects, they still have their differences. The story of the younger couple they come from opposite sides of the world, the man Is from Waco, Texas and the female Is from Bangkok, China. How they become acquainted Is from their names, somehow these two different people have the same exact name, and her work email ended up In his inbox one day by mistake therefore leading to their start In conversation. While In the second film they are from the same place, and they most definitely do not have the same name as In the first video. Finally, there Is a tragic flaw; In the second film the older gentleman ends up receiving terrible news of having terminal cancer so the woman ends up losing the true love of her life. Fortunately this did not happen to the younger couple that was In the first video. Personal Response By Dalton-Snow MIFF com I it is as if they Just absolutely know for certain this is their one true love and they very quickly decide to get married. Although these stories are very similar in some from opposite sides of the world, the man is from Waco, Texas and the female is from Bangkok, China. How they become acquainted is from their names, somehow these two different people have the same exact name, and her work email ended up in his inbox one day by mistake therefore leading to their start in conversation. While in the same name as in the first video. Finally, there is a tragic flaw; in the second film younger couple that was in the first video. How to cite Personal Response, Papers

Les Miserables, by Victor Hugo Essay Example For Students

Les Miserables, by Victor Hugo Essay Les Miserables, by Victor Hugo is a novel filled with action, hatred, sorrow and forgiveness. The main character that the novel focuses on is named Jean Valjean. After going to prison for a petty theft of a loaf of bread, Jean Valjean comes out of imprisonment as an ex-convict. Well informed to others that he is an ex-convict by his passport he tries to set out for a new life. After being rejected several times a man finally opens up his door and invites Jean Valjean inside. Surprisingly the man was a priest, Bishop Myriel. Bishop Myriel throughout the novel tries to keep Jean Valjean safe from harm and by doing that, changes the way that Jean Valjean looks at life. With all the chaos occurring in Jean Valjeans life, a police chief named Javert travels in search of the ex-convict. Javert feels that even that though that Jean Valjean has been punished for his crime, he has been punished enough. In the end Javert kills himself after deciding to let him go. One evening, while staying in the house of the Bishop Jean Valjean is tempted to leave so as a foolish act he decides to steal the silver plates used for special occasions. In shame while doing it the bishop interrupts him. Jean Valjean is shocked and feels guilty for what he has done. The Bishop tells him to take the plates along with promising him that he will use them to become honest man. Jean Valjean continues on with his life. Soon Jean Valjean rescues and raises a girl named Cosette. Cosette is Fantines daughter. Fantine does her best to support her daughter but her attempts are feeble, so along the way she meets the Thenardiers. Fantine doubted that she will find work as an unmarried mother, she entrust the Thenardiers with her daughter. Later on through out the novel Jean Valjean finds out about Cosettes trifling path, and grows more closer to her. The two of them find refuge at a convent where Jean Valjean works as a gardener. Cosette goes to school and happens to meet this boy named Marius. Marius falls in love with her, Jean Valjean stays cautious of him, because he is afraid that he might lose her affection. Marius ends up being a hero of some sort because one day Cosette and Jean Valjean were going on a charitable visit to see there neighbors The Jondurettes. It turns out that the Jondurettes were really the Thenardiers they recognize Cosette but Cosette happens to not see that it was them. Marius then was witness at the time when Cosette and Jean Valjean went over. He overhears them trying to set a plot to rob Jean Valjean, and tells police. Soon they move and they move and Marius and Cosette get married, visits between Cosette and Jean Valjean are less frequent. One main character that I find interesting in the story is Jean Valjean. He starts off as an ex-convict and in the changes to a loving and responsible man. Goes to jail for nineteen years and then is released on a charge of stealing a loaf of bread and trying to escape from prison. After being released he goes from place to place trying to find somewhere to sleep. When a kind Bishop lets him in he is shocked because he still lurks upon what he has done. From then on he starts on his path to becoming a man of great character. In Summary Les Miserables was a great book. It left me crying, laughing, jumping for joy, and shocked. It was made perfect from beginning to end. If I could change anything I would just add more to it.

SAT 2018-2019 Test Dates

Ready for the college application process to start? Here are the 2018-2019 SAT test dates:SAT Test Dates for 2018-2019Study Duration Timeline How long do you need to study for? Well, the recommended study time is 100 hours. How do you want to split that time up? It’s up to you. If you have the discipline and the time to study during the school year, you can carve out time in your week and weekends to dedicate to SAT studying. Otherwise, you can also take advantage of your summer break to really focus on the SAT. There is no â€Å"best† way to do it. Everyone has a different studying style and habit, so do what makes you most comfortable. Choosing the Test Date Choosing your test date is really important. Since you know you need to dedicate 100 hours towards studying for the test, you should plan to do it for a specific test date in mind. It helps keep your motivated and keeps you accountable. We don’t recommend students start studying for the SAT until after their sophomore year in high school. Why? Because you probably haven’t learned the material that will be covered in the test yet, and it may actually take you longer to study for the test. We suggest students take it during their junior year, or the summer after their junior year. Don’t wait until the fall of your senior year to study and take your SAT, because you will be so overwhelmed by all the other application materials that require your attention. It’s really helpful to get your SAT out of the way before senior year starts. Not only does it help take some burden off your shoulders, it also gives you the opportunity to take it again. No one wants to take the SAT more than once, but give yourself the option to if you really need to. Still have more questions about the SAT? Here are answers to the most frequently asked questions on standardized testing. Applying this year? For access to our college profiles, upgrade to ourpremium plansoffer different levels of profile access and data insights that can help you get into your dream school.

Battle of Wake Island in World War II

Battle of Wake Island in World War II The Battle of Wake Island was fought from December 8-23, 1941, during the opening days of World War II (1939-1945). A tiny atoll in the central Pacific Ocean, Wake Island was annexed by the United States in 1899. Located between Midway and Guam, the island was not permanently settled until 1935 when Pan American Airways built a town and hotel to service their trans-Pacific China Clipper flights. Consisting of three small islets, Wake, Peale, and Wilkes, Wake Island was to the north of the Japanese-held Marshall Islands and east of Guam. As tensions with Japan rose in the late 1930s, the US Navy began efforts to fortify the island. Work on an airfield and defensive positions began in January 1941. The following month, as part of Executive Order 8682, the Wake Island Naval Defensive Sea Area was created which limited maritime traffic around the island to US military vessels and those approved by the Secretary of the Navy. An accompanying Wake Island Naval Airspace Reservation was also established over the atoll. Additionally, six 5 guns, which had previously been mounted on USS Texas (BB-35), and 12 3 anti-aircraft guns were shipped to Wake Island to bolster the atolls defenses. The Marines Prepare While work progressed, the 400 men of the 1st Marine Defense Battalion arrived on August 19, led by Major James P.S. Devereux. On November 28, Commander Winfield S. Cunningham, a naval aviator, arrived to assume overall command of the islands garrison. These forces joined the 1,221 workers from the Morrison-Knudsen Corporation which were completing the islands facilities and the Pan American staff which included 45 Chamorros (Micronesians from Guam). By early December the airfield was operational, though not complete. The islands radar equipment remained at Pearl Harbor and protective revetments had not been built to protect aircraft from aerial attack. Though the guns had been emplaced, only one director was available for the anti-aircraft batteries. On December 4, twelve F4F Wildcats from VMF-211 arrived on the island after being carried west by USS Enterprise (CV-6). Commanded by Major Paul A. Putnam, the squadron was only on Wake Island for four days before the war began. Forces Commanders United States Commander Winfield S. CunninghamMajor James P.S. Devereux527 men12 F4F Wildcats Japan Rear Admiral Sadamichi Kajioka2,500 men3 light cruisers, 6 destroyers, 2 patrol boats, 2 transports, and 2 carriers (second landing attempt) The Japanese Attack Begins Due to the islands strategic location, the Japanese made provisions to attack and seize Wake as part of their opening moves against the United States. On December 8, as Japanese aircraft were attacking Pearl Harbor (Wake Island is on the other side of the International Date Line), 36 Mitsubishi G3M medium bombers departed the Marshall Islands for Wake Island. Alerted to the Pearl Harbor attack at 6:50 AM and lacking radar, Cunningham ordered four Wildcats to begin patrolling the skies around the island. Flying in poor visibility, the pilots failed to spot the inbound Japanese bombers. Striking the island, the Japanese managed to destroy eight of VMF-211s Wildcats on the ground as well as inflicted damage on the airfield and Pam Am facilities. Among the casualties were 23 killed and 11 wounded from VMF-211 including many of the squadrons mechanics. After the raid, the non-Chamorro Pan American employees were evacuated from Wake Island aboard the Martin 130 Philippine Clipper which had survived the attack. A Stiff Defense Retiring with no losses, the Japanese aircraft returned the next day. This raid targeted Wake Islands infrastructure and resulted in the destruction of the hospital and Pan Americans aviation facilities. Attacking the bombers, VMF-211s four remaining fighters succeeded in downing two Japanese planes. As the air battle raged, Rear Admiral Sadamichi Kajioka departed Roi in the Marshall Islands with a small invasion fleet on December 9. On the 10th, Japanese planes attacked targets in Wilkes and detonated a supply of dynamite which destroyed the ammunition for the islands guns. Arriving off Wake Island on December 11, Kajioka ordered his ships forward to land 450 Special Naval Landing Force troops. Under the guidance of Devereux, Marine gunners held their fire until the Japanese were within range of Wakes 5 coastal defense guns. Opening fire, his gunners succeeded in sinking the destroyer Hayate and badly damaging Kajiokas flagship, the light cruiser Yubari. Under heavy fire, Kajioka elected to withdraw out of range. Counterattacking, VMF-211s four remaining aircraft succeeded in sinking the destroyer Kisaragi when a bomb landed in the ships depth charge racks. Captain Henry T. Elrod  posthumously  received the Medal of Honor for his part in the vessels destruction. Calls for Help While the Japanese regrouped, Cunningham and Devereux called for aid from Hawaii. Stymied in his attempts to take the island, Kajioka remained nearby and directed additional air raids against the defenses. In addition, he was reinforced by additional ships, including the carriers Soryu and Hiryu which were diverted south from the retiring Pearl Harbor attack force. While Kajioka planned his next move, Vice Admiral William S. Pye, the Acting Commander-in-Chief of the US Pacific Fleet, directed Rear Admirals Frank J. Fletcher  and Wilson Brown to take a relief force to Wake. Centered on the carrier USS Saratoga (CV-3) Fletchers force carried additional troops and aircraft for the beleaguered garrison. Moving slowly, the relief force was recalled by Pye on December 22 after he learned that two Japanese carriers were operating in the area. That same day, VMF-211 lost two aircraft. On December 23, with the carrier providing air cover, Kajioka again moved forward. Following a preliminary bombardment, the Japanese landed on the island. Though Patrol Boat No. 32 and Patrol Boat No. 33 were lost in the fighting, by dawn over 1,000 men had come ashore. Final Hours Pushed out of the southern arm of the island, American forces mounted a tenacious defense despite being outnumbered two-to-one. Fighting through the morning, Cunningham and Devereux were forced to surrender the island that afternoon. During their fifteen-day defense, the garrison at Wake Island sank four Japanese warships and severely damaged a fifth. In addition, as many as 21 Japanese aircraft were downed along with a total of around 820 killed and approximately 300 wounded. American losses numbered 12 aircraft, 119 killed, and 50 wounded. Aftermath Of those who surrendered, 368 were Marines, 60 US Navy, 5 US Army, and 1,104 civilian contractors. As the Japanese occupied Wake, the majority of the prisoners were transported from the island, though 98 were kept as forced laborers. While American forces never attempted to re-capture the island during the war, a submarine blockade was imposed which starved the defenders. On October 5, 1943, aircraft from  USS  Yorktown (CV-10) struck the island. Fearing an imminent invasion, the garrison commander, Rear Admiral Shigematsu Sakaibara, ordered the execution of the remaining prisoners. This was carried out on the northern end of the island on October 7, though one prisoner escaped and carved  98 US PW 5-10-43  on a large rock near the killed POWs mass grave. This prisoner was subsequently re-captured and personally executed by Sakaibara. The island was re-occupied by American forces on September 4, 1945, shortly after the wars end. Sakaibara was later convicted of war crimes for his actions on Wake Island and hung on June 18, 1947.

Theory Bases and Theory Constructs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theory Bases and Theory Constructs - Essay Example Woodrow Wilson is viewed as the pioneer of public administration. Wilson made a distinction between political science and public administration. He asserted that public administration is a detailed systematic application of law. Before his distinction, public administration was regarded as a branch of political science. Frank Goodnow concurred with Woodrow and added that politics formulate policies and the administration executes these policies. Public administration has been largely taken as a science by related disciplines in the social sciences. Public administration encompasses study of people involved in managerial and administrative tasks in the various state organs. Theory bases are very important in reaching a discernible conclusion about a certain phenomenon. Public administration is conducted differently according to the various types and settings of organizations. Bureaucracy is evident in almost all organizations (Milakovich & Gordon, 2013) this gives rise to the application of the bureaucratic theory of administration. The theory was put forth by Marx Weber. He argued that, the core aspect of administration is determining who gives command to whom. Marx asserted that domination is common characteristic in an organisation. According to Marx, domination means the power relations between the ruled and their leaders. Consequently he added that legitimacy in exercise of power in any established authority is contributed by numerous beliefs in the organization’s setting. Domination brings about the need for administrative apparatus (Farazmand, 2002). For domination to be concurrent with its intended purpose, there is need to establish an administrative staff to execute demands and serve as a link between the leader (government) and led. Marx established certain constructs of domination; tradition, charismatic and legal domination. Legitimacy in traditional domination is brought about by inheritance, legal

The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Statute of 1970 Case Study

The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Statute of 1970 - Case Study Example This paper highlights in-depth analysis of RICO including various ways of RICO being used, criticisms made by the civil libertarians and legal establishments. Additionally, it will analyze the expansion of RICO due to the Supreme Court cases. As mentioned before, much of the criminal procedure has been expanded due to the use of Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act of 1970 (RICO). Defining the phrase "organized crime" used in RICO has proven to be somewhat indefinable. For example, it took twenty years to eliminate La Cosa Nostra. Its special strike forces were disbanded by the Justice Department in 1990 under RICO. The law RICO itself did not try to define the organized crime other than listing a number of crimes alleged to be committed by racketeers. Organized crime or racketeering is mostly defined by RICO in a manner of committing racketeering activity by a group or an individual as a part of an enterprise.1 It has blurred the lines amid the federal law enforcement and state. The expansion of the federal crime law has been introduced due to the attempts of federal bureaucrats and politicians to do something regarding the increased crime rates. Mostly to prevent the illegal use of drug in America and to punish people who are involved in so called "white-collar" crime. RICO was passed by the Congress in 1970 under the President Richard Nixon's 'crime bill.' However However, according to the federal prosecutors, RICO is a powerful tool that can be used against the business owners. For example, Rudy Guiliani, who prosecuted Michael Milken including other leading lights of the Wall Street in 1980's, rose to become one of the first mayors of the New York City and a public speaker who collected $75,000 on every speech, was involved in the earliest attempts to expand RICO to prosecute few of the private business figures. Despite the federal prosecutors, RICO has helped a little or not at all in stopping crimes like rape, murder, robbery etc. which was the major concern of the public in 1970's. It has only enabled the federal prosecutors to avoid the separation of constitutional powers amid the state and the national governments. Since RICO was introduced, the jurisdictional boundaries along with the federal law enforcement and state have been removed.2 On the other hand, there are a variety of RICO civil and criminal cases that have appealed for the reason that the statutes are conflicting with the fundamental constitutional protections. Most of the cases are focused on the First Amendment protections of speech and assembly plus the Sixth Amendment which concerns about the access to double threat and legal counsel. Cases in the First Amendment include the usage of RICO in obscenity trails. Main issues in this section are the use of forfeiture which involves a former restraint or rely on distantly strained obscenity statutes. It was the Meese Commission on Pornography of 1985 who supported the use of forfeiture so that obscenity from American society is eliminated permanently. But however, in the case of U.S. vs. Pryba (1988) the National Obscenity Enforcement Unit refused to the claim made not in favor of RICO. In some way, RICO reintroduced the criminal forfeitures

A Vision for Tel Aviv Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Vision for Tel Aviv - Case Study Example Here may be seen a working model for the future. Hypocrisy has no place here- there are no 'third-class Israelis' here.( Derfner , 'Third-class Israelis') During that visit a student was asked how all of them got along so well in the school. His answer- "We are all human beings and we treat each other equally" prompted the Rabbi to write, "We should listen and learn from this radiant gem of youthful wisdom. We are all God's children, created in the Divine image. Our sacred task is to see the Divine in one another, and to brighten and restore God's image here on earth." (Diamond, Religious Leaders of Greater Los Angeles Mission to Rome & Jerusalem) Diamond, Rabbi Mark S. Executive Vice President, Board of Rabbis of Southern California, Religious Leaders of Greater Los Angeles Mission to Rome & Jerusalem, January 29, 2008. http://www.boardofrabbis.org/Rome-&-Jerusalem-2008 . Retrieved on 15 April, 2009.

Theory of Planned Behaviour Experiment Design

Theory of Planned Behaviour Experiment Design Project plan and questionnaire design for a practical experiment based on the theory of planned behaviour Introduction This experiment was designed to test the role of attitude in the outcome of a particular behaviour. The particular behaviour to be tested in this experiment was student class attendance. The hypothesis was that the more positive the attitudinal variables were, the more likely the behaviour outcome would be. This was assumed to be reflected in the intentions of the participants. The question posed was, does attitude affect the intention for class attendance? The role of attitude with regard to behaviour has been a concern of psychology for a number of years. Azjen and Fishbein’s theory of reasoned action was first introduced as a model reflecting the relationship between attitude and behaviour (1975). This took into account two variables, called the subjective norm and the attitude. These were seen as indicators of intention from which behaviour could be measured as an outcome. This concept was later revised to incorporate a third variable as yet another indicator of intention. This variable was called the perceived behavioural control. With these three variables informing the intention from which behaviours are an outcome, the theory of planned behaviour was born (Azjen, 1988, 1991). It is from this model that an attitudinal questionnaire was constructed to answer the question that this experiment posed. Method This experiment was designed to quantitatively test the intention of class attendance from a random sample of student participants. The intention of the participant’s behaviour was to be measured against the attitudes that the students had towards class attendance. In accordance to Azjen’s theory of planned behaviour, a questionnaire was drawn up to test the attitudinal beliefs towards class attendance and to compare the findings to their intention to attend. The questionnaire was broken down into two sections. The first section asked four questions regarding the participant’s intention towards attending class. This was to be answered by the participants on a scale ranging from one, most negative, to seven, most positive (Likert, 1932). The second section asked three sets of attitudinal questions. These were also to be answered on a Likert scale of one to seven. The questions used were based upon the three attitudinal variables inherent to the theory of action; a ttitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. These questions were divided into the three relevant groups. Each group of questions was then alternated between two types of sub question. In the attitude group these questions were alternated between outcome beliefs and outcome evaluations. In the subjective norm group these were alternated between normative beliefs and motivation to comply. In the perceived behavioural control group these were alternated between perceived capability and perceived controllability. The answers from the attitudinal questions were then to be correlated with the results of the intention questions. This was believed to give quantitative insight into the question posed from the outset of this experiment. Questionnaire This questionnaire has been designed to find out the relationship between attitude and intention and its relationship to class attendance. As a participant, you will be one 50 students chosen at random to complete this questionnaire. All that is asked of you is to complete this questionnaire honestly so that we can gather the data required to facilitate our findings. You do not need to disclose your name or details. Your cooperation with this questionnaire is greatly appreciated and we would be happy to answer any further questions after completion. Section 1. Please answer these questions on your intention to attend class on a scale of one to seven. 1. Do you intend to attend class over the coming semester? Not at all _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Entirely 2. Do you wish to fully attend class over the coming semester? No, I do not wish to attend class at all _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Yes, I fully intend to 3. Please state how much you intend to be in class over the next semester (remember: a judge on the scale of 1 to 7, where 1 is not at all and 7 is fully) Not at all _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Fully 4. Over the next semester do you hope to attend class in full? Not all _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Fully Section 2. Please answer the following questions regarding your attitude to attending class on a scale of one to seven. 1. For me to attend class is: Bad _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Good Unimportant _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Beneficial Boring _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Enjoyable Worthless _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Valuable Unpleasant _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Pleasant Unnecessary _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Advantageous Insignificant _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Essential Painstaking _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Rewarding [measurement of attitude alternation of outcome beliefs followed by outcome evaluation] 2. Most people I know think that I * attend class. * Should not _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Should 3. It is expected of me to attend class. False _ _ _ _ _ _ _ True 4. My peers think that I * attend class. * Should not _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Should 5. My peers expect it of me to attend class. False _ _ _ _ _ _ _ True 6. My tutors think that I * attend class * Should not _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Should 7. My tutors expect it of me to attend class. False _ _ _ _ _ _ _ True 8. People that I respect think that I * attend class. * Should not _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Should 9. People that I respect expect it of me to attend class False _ _ _ _ _ _ _ True 10. The University thinks that I * attend class Should not _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Should 11. The University expects it of me to attend class. False _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ True [measurement of subjective norms alternation of normative belief followed by motivation to comply] 12. For me to attend class over a semester would be Impossible _ _ _ _ _ _ _ possible 13. How much control do you believe that you have over your attendance of class? None _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Total 14. If I cared to I could attend class over a semester False _ _ _ _ _ _ _ True 15. It is up to me as to whether I attend class or not. How true is this statement? False _ _ _ _ _ _ _ True 16. The next semester can easily be attended by me. False _ _ _ _ _ _ _ True 17. Is it for you to determine whether you attend class or not? No, not at all _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Yes, entirely my choice 18. I could attend class over the next semester False _ _ _ _ _ _ _ True 19. Is it within your power to attend class? No, it is out of my reach _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Yes [measurement of perceived behavioural control alternation of capability followed by controllability] Bibliography Azjen., I. (1988) Attitudes, Personality and Behaviour, Milton Keynes: Open University Press. Azjen, I. (1991) Theory of Planned Behaviour: Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes. Fishbein, M. Azjen, I. (1975) Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behaviour. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Likert, R. (1932) A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology. 1

Crytosporidia :: Essays Papers

Crytosporidia Life History: Once thought to be rare and host specific, Cryptosporidia is now believed to be one of the top three diarrheal causing pathogens in the world. Cryptosporidia muris was recognized in 1907 by E. E. Tyzer. Since then twenty (20) species of Cryptosporidium have been discovered and named although recently sixteen (16) of those twenty (20) have come under speculation due to recent cross-transmission studies. Cryptosporidia is a protozoan parasite which lives in the intestines and respiratory epitheliums of many types of animals including mammals, birds and reptiles. The disease caused by Cryptosporidia is known as Cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidia is found all over the world and is transmitted via fecal oral contact. Usually this is due to water contaminated by animal feces. Infected calves excrete up to 10 billion Cryptosporidium oocysts (infectious stage) per day. The infectious dose in humans is only 10-100. However, contaminated food or direct contact with feces can also cause infectio n. Microbial Characteristics: Cryptosporidia are small coccidian spore-forming protazoans. When in oocyst form they are 4-6 um in size. GRAPH Disease: Cryptosporidia are encountered and transmitted through fecal oral transmission. Once a host ingests an oocyst, sporozoites are released. The sporozoite then can enter the epithelial cells in the small intestine where it will develop into a trophozoite. Inside of a trophozoite, merozoites begin to form. When released, a merozoite can either infect another epithelial cell or it can evolve into a sexual gamete. These gametes then join to form an oocyst and will be excreted in the feces. While in the host’s body, Cryptosporidia carries out its entire life cycle in the microvilli of the small intestine. The most common symptom of Cryptosporidiosis is watery diarrhea. Other symptoms include: - Dehydration - Weight loss - Stomach cramps or pain - Fever - Nausea - Vomiting Some people with Cryptosporidiosis will have no symptoms at all. While the small intestine is the site most commonly affected, Cryptosporidium infections could possibly affect other areas of the digestive or the respiratory tract. (CDC) Symptoms usually begin 2-10 days after becoming infected and last 1-2 weeks on average. In immunocompetent individuals, Cryptosporidiosis is not life threatening.

Critical Thinking and Language Essay

I passed by an acquaintance who I have known for maybe three years already but had not actually become a friend. When we meet, we would throw few words just to get ourselves updated with the happenings of each other. That day we had a conversation longer than what we usually had. I’ve learned that he likes compiling episodes of several TV series which he saves and keep as soft copies so he could watch it with no interruptions from TV commercials. I asked for what he had that he could lend me. And he gave me Dexter. I watched the whole season one of TV series non-stop. Except of course when nature calls or when my stomach growls which signals me to take a few supplies from my mother’s chiller. Her chiller, not ours! She has made it her territory. She knows all of the contents of that cold box and she could easily notice if I took some of those cookies and brownies from it, the only content of it. She wouldn’t suspect anyone else but me. I’m the grinch who stole and will always steal her Christmas! Cookies and brownies are her happiness. It’s difficult for me to understand her addiction to it. My mom is a dog with her cookies and brownies the bones. Anyways, Dexter was a great watch! My mother finds it disturbing and morbid, but I like it. It actually started my addiction to TV series. Now, it became my midnight snack. And though it gives me extra luggage beneath my eyes, I’m still going to watch and watch more and more. What role does language and language diversity play in the critical thinking process? Critical thinking involves the input of information, the processing of this information, then, the analysis to come up with a conclusion. It is never always that critical thinking ends its phase when analysis is presented. Oftentimes, people use the result of the analysis to process new information and to come with more analyses leading to the best opinions and interpretation. This makes critical thinking a cycle. Language plays an important role in critical thinking. Because critical thinking involves input of information, the language used in the input of information becomes a critical factor in coming out the result of the analysis. The information can be fully understood, partly understood or completely misinterpreted. Input of information means understanding information before accepting it as a fact or a consideration for further analysis of the idea. That is the role of language. Sometimes, the exact set of words used can mean different things to different people. In the same way, some too different or inexact set of words can mean the same to a lot of people. It is when language diversity steps in. People associate different events, people and things to a word that sometimes, when a word is simple for one person, it becomes a strong word for another. We have different understanding of a language and we also have different use of that is why it becomes difficult for us to convey our messages to other people. What they have understood from what we said isn’t exactly what we meant although for us we said it right because of language diversity. In critical thinking, it is important to understand the context of a statement to ensure that one will arrive at the best conclusion and to prevent misinterpretation. Critical thinking is employed to come out with the best conclusion that is the nearest to the truth or the best interpretation and understanding of what the information or facts contain. If the input information isn’t what it is supposed to be, one will arrive with not good analysis of things. Language really gets in the way of understanding. How does language empower or limit the expression of our thoughts? Language is a powerful tool in expressing thoughts because it is the easiest way to express oneself aside from actions. It can become an art because we can find and select ways to effectively express ourselves the way we want it. It can empower the expression of our thoughts simply because it is our way of expressing it. It can further empower the expression of our thoughts when we choose appropriate words to present our thoughts the way we wanted. Language can put emphasis to our thoughts. A statement becomes a strong and powerful statement when the right words are used. This has made many great men in our history memorable—their statements and we quote them. Our thoughts are best expressed when people agree that there is no other way to bring that idea we had than how we had expressed it. Language makes a thought powerful. It can also limit the expression of our thoughts in several ways. One way is when we couldn’t find the right words to say to make our thoughts safe for other people to hear. It is when we opt not to say anything, but that is a matter of personal choice. Language diversity also limits the expression of our thoughts. When we couldn’t understand statements, it becomes difficult for us to exchange thoughts. Another way that language limits the expression of our thoughts is when people use a foreign language or a language that is unfamiliar for them. Because of the unfamiliarity with the language, it becomes difficult for the person to select words that will express his thoughts exactly how he has thought it. Unfamiliarity with the language makes people experience difficulty in clarifying themselves. What is the role of critical thinking in persuasion? Persuading people is one of the most difficult things to do. The person who is trying to persuade must have good communication skills to make him believable and to produce statements that are believable. Persuading involves presenting ideas and information to people and make these ideas and information seem the best to make people adapt to that idea or accept the information. Critical thinking is usually employed by those people who are being persuaded. Of course, not all information that is presented to us is true and not all ideas other people tell us are good that is why we have to be skeptical. To know if what the persuading person is telling us is worth believing and adapting, we use critical thinking. We analyze the ideas and information based on many more information other than what is presented on to us. Because we want to protect ourselves and our best interest, we need to discern every information and ideas before accepting them and be persuaded.

Apush chapter Essay

To weak Could not levy taxes, had economic problems causing social unrest Not strong enough to hold states together Regulations state to state hard to deal No uniform tax, different taxes in each state Rebellions with direct challenge towards congress for more national government or even a dictatorship, unable to deal with national problems 2. American Manufactures- replace state tariffs with uniformly high national duty Merchants and shippers- single national policy not state-to-state policies Land Speculators- wanted treat of Indians removed from their western tracts People who owed money-states to stop issuing money, which lowered the value of what they received in payment Investors-in Confederation securities wanted the government to fund the debt and thus enhance the value of their securities Large property owners- looked for ways to protect against mobs (shays rebellion) 3. Character of the men at the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention Founding fathers (all states except Rhode Island) 55, Young men, around 44 only Franklin was advanced age Represented propertied interest of the country Feared follies of democracy but suspicious of concentrated power Washington was elected head, and Madison was most essential. Provided the plan of Virginia that was used in establishing new constitution. The Foundation of the debate was made off of Randolph’s (Virginia) excepted Idea of supreme legislation, Executive and Judicial branches Franklin was also important, remained calm, telling the delegates if they failed they would despair of est. govt. by human wisdom, and leave it to chance of warned conquest. His influenced allow delegates to refuse to give up and they came up with he Great Compromise 4. Madison with the Virginia Plan that called for new national legislation with 2 houses. In the lower house states represented by population. members of upper house elected by lower house. Was changed to upper house to be elected by state government, each state then was given at least one member in upper house. Paterson New Jersey Plan for a federal govt. with one legislation, each state equal representation and gave congress-expanded powers of tax and to regulate commerce (tabled by Congress) smaller states needed in ratification. It gave the upper house to be elected by state egislation giving least one member from each state in the upper house b. The convention was divided by Would states really be represented equally in upper house or would the larger states have more members Great compromise-states represented in the lower house on the basis of population the upper house, states would be represented equally with 2 members apiece Slavery being counted in taxation or population counts for the representation. South Carolina wanted slaves to be considered property govt. evied taxes but people in the head count for representation. Those in the north wanted the opposite of this. Great compromise- each slave counted as three-fifths of a free person in determining taxation and representation Power to regulate trade effect cotton economy, which relied on slavery and sales abroad Great compromise- not allowed to tax exports and forbidden to impose a duty more than 10 dollars a head on imported slaves and no authorit y to stop slave trade for twenty years 6. Efforts to preserve ideals of the revolution by eliminating disorder and content Effort to crest a strong national govt. to exercise authority Under impact of business depression The weakness and ineptitude of national government The treats to American territories from Great Britain and Spain The inability of either congress or state govt. o make good their debts The interstate Jealousies and barriers to trade Widespread use of inflation producing paper money Lawlessness that was Shays rebellion The timely adoption of the Constitution could save the young republic Effect to protect the economic interest of existing elites Conservative business interest who feared that the decentralized political structure of republic imperiled their financial position Economic reasons Wanted government able to promote industry and trade, protect private property and ake good on the public debt Constitution was an economic document drawn from superb kill by men whose property interest were at stake Ar ticles could have produced a permanent government Effort to protect individual freedom and to limit the power of the federal govt. Debate between the federalist and antifederalist New constitution with Bill of rights economical distress were likely to support the constitution; states that were stable and prosperous were likely to oppose it 7. Role of the branches in the Constitution Legislative- House of Representatives based on population rep. nd Senate based qual rep. each elected for different terms, and different ways to check power Judicial- protection from both executive and legislative, Judges and Justices appointed by the president and then confirmed by the senate would serve for life Executive- president power to veto acts of congress The federal government would divide power between state and nation (power in part from the people) to protect from the tranny of the people or the mob, and of excess of democracy (shays rebellion) Only House of rep. elected directly by the peo ple Senate, president and federal Judges would be isolated from public . Who and what is the Federalist? Called federalist because the term once used by opponents of centralization Implying they were less committed to a nationalist government than in fact were Hamilton, Madison, Franklin, Washington, Jay important federalist Wrote federalist papers They were actually wanted stronger central government to check power of masses 9. To get their views seen, Madison, Hamilton, and Jay published federalist papers in the newspaper explaining the virtues and meaning of the constitution Concerned with public masses, waned govt. to function at some distance from public passion nd strong enough to act against threats to order and stability 10. Antifederalist concerns Recognized need for govt. but concerned in state or concentrated power than dangers of popular will Opposed constitution because it placed obstacles between people and the exercise of power Name implied they had nothing to offer but opposition and chaos Believed constitution would betray those principles est. trong, possible tyrannica l govt, that could increase taxes, obliterate states, wield dictoral powers, favor the wellborn over common people and put an end to individual liberty Biggest concern was lack of Bill of rights 1 1 . The process of ratification for the Constitution Ratified by 9 of 13 states would become law Delaware, New Jersey, New Hampshire and Georgia ratified fast (support) Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts more of a struggle Virginia and New York antifederalist feared the states commercial interest would suffer and would not ratify unless had the Bill of Rights (and did finally ratify) North Carolina waited to see what would happen to the amendments Rhode Island did not even participate (no support) 12. Congress continued work of the Constitutional Convention by.. Was in charge of amendment to protect state powers, rest were to provide basic rights Congress to determine the number of Supreme Court Judges to be appointed and the kinds of lower courts to be organized Made Judiciary Act of 1789- provided Supreme Court six members, Chief Justice and five associate Justices; 13 districts with one Judge apiece, and three circuit courts of appeal, with one district Judge Lastly congress gave finial decision in case involving constitutionality of state laws to supreme court Created 3 departments or cabinets- state, treasury, and war 13. Washington selections for cabinets Secretary of treasury- Hamilton Secretary of war- general Knox Attorney general- Randolph Secretary of State- Jefferson 14. 1750 differences in philosophy heats the debate about constitution -Caused by not solving problem but vague compromises Federalist Nation-state with strong govt. ith a centralized authority Complex commercial economy Proud standing in world affairs Hamilton Repub licans Modest government Not highly commercialized or urban, but predominately rural and agrarian Most power for people and state Madison and Jefferson 15. View of society and politics by Hamilton and who should govern Government was he central most power, with centralized authority, a complex commercial economy, and standing in world affairs Needed the support of the wealthy and powerful Stable, effective govt. required enlightened ruling class 16. Hamilton’s plan for paying the debt and restoring credit or federalist program To exchange certificates that congress issued for uniform, interest- bearing bonds, payable at definite dates To assume over state debts, so states would look to central govt. or eventual payment Did not want to pay off the debt but to create a large debt Old bonds being paid off, new ones issued created creditors-the wealthy class more ikely to lend money to the government and have permanent stake Sale of western lands main revenue Create national bank -provide loans and currency to business, give safe place to deposit federal funds, help collect taxes and disburse govt. expenditures, keep price of govt. bonds high through Judicial bonds, govt would have monopoly and appoint 1/5 of the directors Exercise paid by distillers for alcoholic liquors, falling heavily on the backcountry (Penn, VI, NC) where they converted corn/rye crop to whiskey Other Wrote â€Å"report on manufactures for stimulating growth of industry for a healthy oundation in manufacturing This appealed to wealthy, merchants or any powerful group 17. How the federalist programs were enacted and agreed upon National bank, exercise tax on whiskey, tax on imports, federal govt. ill assume the national debt To pay bondholders themselves, not the original lenders who had sold their bonds on their own accord Changed location of nations capital to appease VI, who did not want to pay for states with larger debts; location is on Potomac River between Virginia and Maryland A rgue that national bank was compatible with the intent of the onstitution, even though it did not explicitly authorized it; senate, house, and Washington agreed to the bill with a charter for 20 years Won passage of new tariff that raised rates Opposition and success Farmers opposed tariffs (were the vast majority) Madison, Randolph, and Jefferson against bank (republicans) Was a successes in that it won the support of influential segment of the population It restored public credit, bonds were selling abroad at or above values of other nations Speculators reaped large profit Manufactures profited from the tariff, and merchants benefited from new banking system 8. Rising in opposition No policy in constitution about political parties (Washington warns against politics but some what supports federalist) Federalist now had an interested and overbearing majority (tyrannical) Enacted program that many leaders opposed Est. national network of influence that embodied the worst features of a party Used control of appointment and awarding govt. franchise To reward supporters and gain allies Local associations full of aristocrats standing in local communities Resembled corrupt British Needed vigorous opposition to balance the power (republican party) Republican Party had partisan influence, every state formed committees, societies, and caucuses Republic of smaller govt. Repub. orrespond across state lines and influencing state and local elections Both parties claimed to serve the greater good Neither would concede the right of the other exist The first party system 19. Jefferson and Madison Agrarian republic Sturdy, independent farmer citizens Limited commercial activity, farmers would market in both national and international market for their goods Limited industry, with manufacturing capacities advanced industrial economy because of the number of property less workers Decentralized system Hamilton believed in a central govt. with large roles in commerce and foreign affairs of other countries. He believed in Enlightened class (wealthy), with a centralized authority and highly industrious 20. French Revolution creates differences (mod rule) Federalist horrified by the event in which the monarchy was executed Republicans applauded the democracy and anti-aristocratic spirit (even imitated French radicals) Federalist numerous in commercial centers of northeast and southern coast Republicans numerous in rural areas of South and West 21 . Washington underscored the difference between the Constitution and Articles of Confederation by exerting authority and using militia of 3 other states, to defeat the revolt against the whiskey excise tax. Instead of leaving the issue to Pennsylvania to deal with as they had done under the Articles of Confederation to give Massachusetts the power of dealing with Shays Rebellion. 22. By showing the government’s new power in interfering in others affairs by destroying the whiskey rebellion it provoked the frontier people to be loyal by intimidation. By accepting their territories as new states in the Union it won their loyalties. After Bill of Rights was added, North Carolina (1789), Rhode Island (1790), New states were Vermont after NY and NH gave their claims up to it (1791), Kentucky when VI gave up claims (1792), and Tennessee (1796) after NC gave up rights to it Constitution did little to resolve Indian issues Article 1 excludes â€Å"Indians not taxed† from being counted in the population totals that determine # of seats states would receive in House Gave Congress power â€Å"to regulate Commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes† Article VI bound new govt. o respect treaties negotiated by the confederation, but did not clarify legal standing of natives It recognized existence of ribes as legal entities, but not foreign nations Not citizens nor represented Constitution did not govern relations between whites and Indians over land No clear guide lines to rights of n ation in a nation, that natives had sovereignty U. S. relationship with natives characterized by treaties 23. Difficulties during French war This tested U. S. neutrality in the conflict Problem with French diplomat, Genet Instead of Genet landing in Philadelphia to Washington, he went to Charleston, he planed to use American ports to outfit French warships, encourages American ship wners to become French privateers, and commissioned Clark on military expedition against Spanish going against Washington and neutrality act Made Washington and federalist mad, tried to recall him but Genets party was out of power, so was sent to political asylum in U. S. Royal Navvy starts seizing American ships engaged in Trade with French in West Indies Hamilton feared war would end imports from England, which was most of the revenue for maintaining his financial system Did not want new Secretary of State, Randolph (pro-French) to negotiate and persuaded Washington to send John Jay to ecure compensation for recent British assaults on American shipping, to demand withdrawal of British forces from the frontier posts, and to negotiate a new commercial treaty No war, the Jay treaty-developed undisputed American sovereignty over entire Northwest, and produced commercial relationship with Britain Opposed by republicans and some federalist and created public denunciations, but ratified 25. Relations with Spain Jays treaty caused Spain to fear Americans and British would Join and challenge Spain’s possessions Pinckney treaty-Spain recognizes the right of American of the Mississippi River to New Orleans to reloading on oceangoing ships, agreed to fix Florida’s boundary to 31 parallel, and for Spanish to prevent Indians in Florida from launching attacks 26. Presidents election of 1796 and Adam Hamilton had too many enemies but Adam was directly associated with none of the unpopular Federalist measures 27. Administrating a Federalist President and Republican Vice President Fierce factional rivalries, Hamilton favored Pinckney, Adams running mate Pinckney’s supporters declined to vote for Adams, and he manage to beat Jefferson by 3 votes, ut a still larger number of Adams supporters declined to vote for Pinckney, Jefferson was second in balloting and became Vice President Adams assumed presidency under inauspicious circumstances, he presided over divided party which faced a strong and resourceful Republican opposition committed to its extinction Hamilton remains most influential Federalist, and Adams never challenged him effectively Adams was talented statesmen, not talented at conciliating differences, soliciting support, or inspiring enthusiasm Assumed own virtual correctness would sustain him, even if usually wrong 28. Quasi war American relations with Great Britain and Spain improved with the Jay and Pinckney Treaty, but France alliance deteriorated and started capturing Amer ican ships over seas, sometimes imprisoning the crew Pinckney arrived in France and the governor refused to receive him as an official representative of the U. S. Many of Adams advisers favored war like Secretary of State, Thomas Pickering but Hamilton recommended conciliation and Adams agreed in an effort to stabilize relations Adams appointed a bipartisan- with Pinckney, Marshall, and Gerry to negotiate with France, Paris in 1797. agents of French foreign minister Prince Talleyrand emanded a loan for France and a bribe for French officials before any negotiation the French insults and urging preparation for war to Congress When Adams turned in the report of the American commissions over to Congress after deleting the names of the 3 French agents and named them â€Å"Messrs. X, Y, and Z† it created outrage against France and strong support from the Federalist in response to the XYZ affair- creating an undeclared war Congress was persuaded to cut off trade with France, to rep udiate the treaties of 1776, and to authorize American vessels to capture French armed ships over seas 1798, Congress created a Dep. f Navvy and appropriated money for the construction of new warships (thus winning duels against the French) American became a virtual ally of the British Adams sent a new commission to Paris in 1800 and the new French govt. agreed to a treaty, that canceled the old agreement of 1778 and est. ew commerce arrangement The war ends peacefully and the U. S. frees it self from entanglements of the French alliance 29. Alien and Sedation Acts Alien Act- placed new obstacles in the way of foreigners who wished to become American citizens, and strengthened the presidents hand in dealing with them Sedation act-allowed govt. to prosecute those engaged in sedition against the govt. , libelous or treasonous activities were prosecuted, and the law made it possible for the federal govt. to strife any oppression This acts were enacted to silence Republican opposition, the sedation act meant that govt. could arrest and convict Republic newspaper, whose only crime was criticizing the federalist 30. Virginia and Kentucky resolution Republican leaders hoped the reversal of Alien and Sedation Act on the state legislature because of the Acts opposition against Republicans The republicans laid ut a theory for state accusation, one by Jefferson, called the Kentucky resolution, adopted by Kentucky legislator and the other by Madison, called the Virginia resolution approved by Virginia legislature Both resolutions used idea of John Locke to argue that the federal govt. had been formed by a compact among the states and possessed only certain delegate powers, whenever it exercised any undelegate powers like the acts they were unauthorized and the state had right to nullify the appropriate law This revealed resentment toward policies that the Government assed, exercising more power than ever before and using power to benefit one party Even if the Republicans did not get support for nullification, they succeeded in elevating their dispute to national level (nation became divided politicall y resulting many arguments) 31 . Issue of 1800 election Issue of nation very divided politically resulting in one of the most ugliest elections in American history with Mudslinging Jefferson accused of too radical, having wild followers would bring terror comparable to the French Revolution and his romantic involvement with a slave women Adams was portrayed as a tyrant conspiring to ecome king, and that the federalist were plotting to subvert human liberty and society, republicans carried the city by vast majority and Jefferson was elected but the constitution called for each elector to â€Å"vote by ballot for two persons† and they had an elector cast one vote for his party’s presidential candidate and another for the Vice President. To avoid a tie between Jefferson and Burr, the Republicans had intended for one elector to refrain from voting for Burr but both candidates tied any ways with 73. The House of Representatives had to choose; each state delegate would cast a single vote. The new Congress had an republican majority but would not hold office till after the president was inaugurated, so it was up to the Federalist. Hamilton concluded that Burr was too unreliable and Jefferson was elected 32. Adams reaction in losing the presidency He took steps to make the party’s hold on the courts secure By the Judiciary Act of 1801 , Federalist reduced the number of Supreme Court justiceships by one and increased the number of federal Judgeships as a whole Adams appointed Federalist to the newly created position and in â€Å"midnight appointments† stayed up till midnight signing the new Judges commission

Four Influential African American People

Four Influential African American People Free Online Research Papers Susan B. Anthony Born in Adams, Massachusetts on February 15,1820. As a child she was an activist of slavery. She was raised as a Quaker and was brought up as a slavery activist. She also was a temperance activist in the Daughters of Temperance (prohibition of alcohol). Since only men were able to speak at temperance rallies she was not able to be there. Susan B. Anthony suddenly became a woman suffragist. She performed many woman rights acts along with her friend Elizabeth Cady Stanton. They both organized the first woman’s state temperance society. They spoke all over the nation trying to persuade the government to treat men and women equally. She became vice president of the National Woman’s Suffrage Association (was combined with American Woman Suffrage Association) and then president at 1892. She devoted her entire life being an activist to woman rights. She died within her home in Rochester, New York on March 13, 1906 due to pneumonia and heart failure. Elizabeth Cady Stanton Borna on November 12,1815 in Johnstown, New York. She was a social activist and an abolitionist. She protested along with her husband, Henry Brewster Stanton. After the American Civil War she protested for woman rights. She was mainly concerned with the women’s parental and custody rights, property rights, employment and income rights, divorce laws and economic health of family and birth control. Along with Susan B. Anthony, she protested against the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments. She became the president of the National Woman Suffrage Association from 1869 until 1892. She died of heart failure on October 26,1902. That was 20 before women were able to have the right to vote. 5 Scott Joplin Born near Linden, Texas between July 1867- January 1868. He was called the father of ragtime or the â€Å"King of Ragtime. He wrote 44 ragtime pieces, a ragtime ballet and 2 operas (Guest of Honor and Treemenshia). His known pieces â€Å"Maple Leaf Rag† and â€Å"The Entertainer†. He traveled in the south his music career performing. In 1976 he was given the Pulitzer Prize. He died in April 1, 1917. Frank Lloyd Wright Born in Richland Center, Wisconsin on June 8,1867. He was a famous American architect, interior designer, and educator. He designed offices, churches, schools, skyscrapers, hotels and museums. He built over 400 structures. He created the idea of the prairie house. He also created interior elements (furniture). He wrote 20 books and articles. A known building is Guggenheim Museum. He died on April 9,1959. Research Papers on Four Influential African American People19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHip-Hop is ArtQuebec and CanadaMind TravelBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Fifth HorsemanPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Personal Family History Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Family History Assignment - Essay Example The National Geographic with its partners has taken it upon themselves to extensively provide an answer to this question. Through the ‘Human Genome Project,’ they have mjapped out a landmark undertaking to understand how different people ended up where they are today. In this study, they have found that all human beings descended from African ancestors approximately 60, 000 years ago. In essence, this is where we all started. The Genographic Project imparts details of ancient migration. Headed by Dr. Spencer Wells and his team of international scientists including IBM researchers, they have exhausted genetic computational technologies to investigate DNA patterns from participants around the globe (National Geographic Society, â€Å"A Landmark Study of the Human Journey†). What makes this interesting is the stories unraveled through the course of the project. Furthermore, public participation is encouraged where those who willingly submitted, through their DNA samples has found interesting trivia about themselves. Most of the results stunned the participants. One daughter even commented how her father who had already passed away was assured he was partly Nordic because of his blond hair and blue eyes. He was so sure that he even claimed his ancestors were Vikings. It turns out that he belongs to the haplogroup which points out that they are Phoenicians. A result so far off than what they initially thought and led to further interest among the family to continue the quest for their ancestry (The Human Family Tree Migration Stories, par. 1, 2009). Even the history of California suggests of its amalgamated history which contributes to the hodgepodge of people that inhabits it. From being a Mexican province, people never thought it would be a territorial state until 10 days prior to the Mexican Cession, James W. Marshall, a New Jersey born mechanic, together with John A.

Commercial Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Commercial Contracts - Essay Example Unless the seller can proof that all the goods were defective, the buyer is entitled to decline such a move and seek for legal redress. Watchtower vs. Classic Gift Ltd The two partners entered into a contract, where Watchtowers Ltd was supposed to supply Classic Gift Ltd with both the antique watches and the cleaning oil. The latter owns several shops that specialize in the sale of such watches. The managing director of Classic Gift Ltd agreed on a contract with Matthew Achbold, who was the sales director at Watchtower. It is this contract that was supposed to bund the two parties, in ensuring that everything happened according to the stipulations therein. The challenge After the delivery of the goods to Classic Gift, it was found that some of the oil provided had some defects. According to the letter addressed to the sales director of Watchtower, the oil led to malfunctioning of some watches, which were cleaned. It is because of this issue that Julie Fitz thought that they were enti tled to compensation because of the losses incurred. In their reply, the Watchtower indicated that indeed one of the batches of oil supplied may have been contaminated or had defects. The sales director however appeared to defend the fact that the rest batches were up to standard. However, according to the letter addressed to the supplier (seller), the buyer wanted full refund of the money used to make the purchased. In addition to that, the seller insisted that they need to be compensated due to the number of watches that had been affected. For that, reason, apart from refunding the total amount of purchase, there was need to further pay 2,000 pounds. Discussion Prior to the purchase of the materials, Watchtower provided Classic Gift Ltd with a document 1, which provided the terms and conditions that would make the contract legally binding. Some of the stipulations were that for the contract to remain binding, both parties had to address each other in writing, and within some stipu lated period of time1. Secondly, the seller was supposed to ensure that he supplied goods that were free of any defects to the buyer. However, to facilitate this provision, the buyer on the other hand was supposed to inspect the goods sent to ensure they were of the required standard and quality, upon detection of any anomalies, the buyer is obligated to address the buyer in writing, giving their dissatisfactions in the goods2. However, such a complaint was supposed to be done within the first 14 days. If these days elapse, the buyer was not entitled to any compensation. As part of ensuring that the seller was compensated, the terms and conditions stipulated that, the seller would either get partial or full refund. In addition to that, the seller may be provided with another butch of goods that meet the required standard. From the above explanation, it is clear that Classic Gift Ltd was entitled to compensation. The letter addressed to the supplier was made within 14 days. The lette r highlighted the losses that the company had suffered due to the contaminated oil. According to Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977, it is imperative to ensure that the buyer of the goods proof reasonably that there was actually a loss that was incurred. Such a loss must be linked to the mistake done by the seller. In the above issue, it is outright that the seller was entitled to remedies. Firstly, it appears that the buyer may have had the knowledge that some of the oil supplied was defective.